Loading... Please wait...2008届高三英语语法专题复习讲义-形容词和副词
【要点点拨】
一: 形容词
1． 作定语
1). 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词（冠词、指示代词、人称代词、数词等）＋描绘性形容词（beautiful, interesting…）＋大小、长短、高低＋形状＋年龄、新旧＋颜色＋国籍、地区、出处＋材料性质＋用途、类别＋名词中心词。
a charming big round new black French wooden writing desk
the man’s first two interesting little red French oil paintings
2) 定语后置
A）形容词短语作定语
a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
B）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a child asleep, the greatest man alive
C） 修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时 eg. Is there anything interesting in today’s newspaper?
D）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。What else do you know?
E）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，但修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。
2. 作表语
1)系表结构。 与系动词 be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep. smell，taste，sound，turn，remain , go, come, stay, stand, run, prove等连用
2)表语形容词。常见的有以a-起首的afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive以及well , ill(生病) ，fond, sorry, unable, worth, glad, sure 等
注意：以a-起首的词除了作后置定语外还作补语。eg. Keep the fish alive
修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast / sound asleep, very much afraid
3. 作状语
形容词或形容词短语表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。例如：
He went to bed, cold and hungry.
Afraid of troubles，he would not accept the duty.
4. 复合形容词
1）形容词 + 名词 + ed kind-hearted好心的，fair-haired金发的
2)形容词 + 形容词 red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的
3）形容词 + 现在分词 good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的
4）副词 + 现在分词 hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的
5）副词 + 过去分词 hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的
6）名词 + 形容词 life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的
7）名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的
8）名词 + 过去分词 snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的
9）数词 + 名词 + ed four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的
10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数） ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的
二：副词
1．频度副词如often, always, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, rarely, frequently, occasionally等在be动词、助动词、情态动词后，行为动词前。eg.
We usually go shopping once a week./ He is always ready to help others.
2。多个副词同时出现的顺序
方式副词＋地点副词＋时间副词 / 小的时间/地点＋大的时间/地点
三：比较形容词和副词
1. 形容词＋ly, 有时会构成意义完全不同的副词
hard(困难的)—hardly（几乎不） dead(死的)—deadly(致命的)
late(晚的)—lately(最近) fair(公平的)—fairly(相当)
２．注意：有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以 ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的．例如：
l) close接近地 closely仔细地，密切地
2) free免费地 freely自由地，无拘束地
3) hard努力地 hardly几乎不
4) late晚，迟 lately近来
5) most极，非常 mostly主要地
6) wide广阔地，充分地 widely广泛地
7) high高 highly高度地，非常地
8) deep深，迟 deeply抽象意义的“深”
9) loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10) near邻近 nearly几乎
３.以-ly结尾的形容词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、manly、timely等。eg. （×） He spoke to me very friendly.（∨） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
四：比较级和最高级
1. 构成 ：
大部分双音节词、加后缀构成的词（如slowly, useful）、源于分词的形容词（如tired）、所有的多音节词，加more构成比较级，加the most构成最高级， 副词的最高级可省去the.请注意：作表语的形容词最高级前，如果不是和别人、他物相比，常不加the.
eg. We are busiest on Monday.
2．修饰比较级、最高级的程度词
1) even / still / rather
much / far/ a lot/ a great deal ＋比较级
a little/ a bit
We are working still harder now. 现在我们工作更加努力。
2) 数词+ 名词＋比较级
eg. He is two inches taller than his father.
他比他爸爸高两英寸。(或说He is taller than his father by two inches. )
She could not take a step further. 她一步也不能走了。
3) 比较级＋by far
在前面，应在二者中间加“ the”．如: He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
4) the second/ third ＋最高级
by far
3. 无比较级和最高级的形容词
有些形容词本身含义无程度差别,因此没有比较级和最高级．常见的有：right, wrong, perfect, possible, impossible, mistaken, dead, favourite等。这些词不能被程度副词修饰，但可以被quite(完全地)，completely等修饰。eg. quite right/ impossible， completely dead.
4. 和冠词连用
the ＋形容词原级＋v(复)，指一类人或物
the ＋ 形容词比较级，指两者中“较…的”的那一个，eg. the younger of the two
a/ an ＋形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.
( a) ＋most＋形容词最高级 “非常…” eg. a most beautiful city
5. 相关结构
1) 原级比较：肯定句 as….as…., 否定句not so / as….as…..
2) 比较句： 比较级 ＋than….或more (less) ….than…..
The furniture in this shop is less beautiful than that in that shop.(注意代词that的用法)
3) 比较级＋ and＋比较级 或 more and more＋比较级 “越来越… ”
richer and richer, more and more interesting
4) The more….., the more…..“越…， 越…”
The more you look at the picture, the better you will like it.
5) 比较级＋than any other ＋n. （单） （适用于范围一致时）
(all) other ＋n.（复）
any ＋n.(单) （适用于范围不一致时）
He is taller than any other student / all other students in his class.
any student in my class.
6) 倍数表达法。
A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
7) more…than…结构，其意往往是…rather than…，可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。
That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。
She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.
她是贤妻，更是良母。
8) A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系
Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气 对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。
9) no more than= only “只不过”，言其少
not more than=at most “不多于”，“至少”，指事实。
no more …than… 和…一样不… 如单音节使用比较级形式
not more…than… 不比…更…
no less than= as much as “多达”
no fewer than= as many as
eg. I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只不过5元。
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。
He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。
He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。(no less determined than等于“其决心不亚于你”，言其大)
He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。(not less determined than等于“其决心不小于”，无言其大或小的含义)
10) 最高级＋of/ in/ among….
He is the tallest of the three/ among them/ in his class.