Word Study

1. include v.
a)  to have something or someone as part of something larger or more general   
The tour included a visit to the Science Museum.
b)  include sb./sth. (in /among sth.) ; make sb./sth. part of a larger group or set  
All students were included in the initial planning discussions.
 *including  prep. : used to show that someone or something is part of a larger group, amount, or process   
The band played many songs, including some of my favourites.
* included adj. [only after noun/pronoun]: including someone or something 
Everyone has to go to the dentist, you, included.
Everybody here has a bad cold, including myself.
We're all going to the game, Betty included\
2. modern adj.
a) belonging to the present time or most recent time   Unemployment is one of the major problems of modern times.
b) made or done using the most recent designs or methods I always prefer a modern hotel to a traditional one when travel.
c) (of art, music, literature, etc) using styles that have been recently developed and are very different from traditional styles) 
My younger brother shows his interest in modern dance.
3. present
adj.
a) (of a person ) being in a particular place
 Were you present when the news was announced?
b) happening or existing now  
The new library will be double the size of the present one.
n.
a) thing given or received as a gift  
This hook was a present from my brother.
b) at present; at this time; now 
The film is set sometime between 1995 and the present.
v.   give or hand over sth. to sb.  
present  sb. with sth. / present sth. to sb.
The president presented a cheque for £500,000 to cancer research.
4.  identity n.
a) who or what sb./sth. is  
There is no clue to the identity of the thief since we can't find his identity card.
b)   [U. ]   exact likeness or sameness  
Our strong sense of national identity has been shaped by our history.
5. government n.  [U. ]
a)   the group of people who officially control a country   
The government are discussing the proposal.
b)   method or system of governing 
People should know the importance of good government in a developing country.
c)   governing, power to govern 
If we do not have strong government, there will be rioting.
  in government  
What would the opposition do if they were in government  (=governing the country)?
6. standard n.
a)   thing used as a test or measure for weights, lengths, quality, etc    
People were very poor before the 1980s, by today's standards.
b)    (often pl.) required, expected or accepted level of quality  
He is a man with a high moral standard.
adj.
a)   serving as, used as or conforming to a standard   
What is the standard size of a twin bed?
b)   average, normal or usual; not special or unusual  
It is the standard modal of a car.
7.  recognize v.
a)   recognize sb./sth. (by sth.) : to know who someone is or what something is, because you have seen, heard, experienced, or learned about them in the past 
I recognize her by her red hat.
b)  to accept that something is true or real   
Smoking is recognized as a leading cause of lung cancer.
c)  to officially show respect lor someone for an achievement 
He was recognized by the governor for his work.
8. direction n.
a)   course taken by a moving person or thing; way that a person or thing looks or faces
Tom went off in one direction and Harry in another.
b)   way in which sb./sth. develops or is developed 
That is the present direction of government thinking.
c)  (often pl.) information or instructions about what to do, where to go, how to do sth. etc. 
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.

Phrases and Idioms

1.  play a part (role) in; be involved in something, especially in a way that is important
1 )   Such strikes have played an important part in the development of the trade union movement.
2)   Parents play an important role in their child's learning.
3)   Health education will play a part in preparing us for old age.
2.  Such as: like; for example   
1)   Cartoon characters such as Mickey Mouse and Snoopy are still popular.
2)   They export a lot of fruit, such as oranges, lemons, etc.
3)   He's good at sports such as swimming, skating and skiing.
3.  even if /even though: (used as conj.) in spite of the fact or belief that; no matter; whether 
1)   Even if I have to walk all the way I will get there.
2)   I like her even though she can be annoying sometimes.
3)   She will stand by you even if you don't succeed.
4.   be based on:   to use something as the thing from which something else is developed
1 )  The relationship between our two countries is based upon mutual respect.
2)   This book is based on a true story that happened in the 1930s.
3)   Teaching is an art based on educational science,   technology and experience.
5.  a number of: some, very many   
1 )  A large number of books have been stolen from the library.
2)   A number of problems have arisen since we began to carry on the new plan.
3)   A small number of friends came to help him when he was in trouble.

Structures and Patterns

1.  So English began to be spoken in many other countries.
1)   The question to be discussed this afternoon is how to use task-based learning.
2)  The most urgent thing to be done is to inform all teachers of the meeting.
3)   The computer that needs to be repaired is in Room 203.
2.  Believe it or not, there is no such a thing as standard English.
1)   Believe it or not, it only took him seven hours to finish reading this book.
2)  Believe it or not, I have learned one thousand English songs in one month.
3)  Rain or sunshine, the farmers work in the fields all year round.
3.  However, even on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people
1)   However, even she did a lot for him, he didn't like her at all.
2)  However, even he tried his best, he failed in the exam.
3)   However, even a rumour can be accepted by the public if it is repeated a hundred times.
4.  Not everyone should give commands.
1)  Not everything went well with them.
2)  Not all of us feel happy.
3)   They may not tell all the people there.
5. Why do you think people all over the world want to learn English?
1)   Who do you think can come to help us?
2)   What do you think is the best way to protect wildlife?
3)   What do you think would happen if there was no food,   no water or no air tomorrow?
6.  India has a very large number of English speakers. This is because Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.
1)   Hubert never experienced any fear, and this was partly because he was not intelli¬gent enough.
2)   "This photo doesn't look like you."  "That's because it isn't me—it's my sister" .
3)   "They're not going on holiday this year."  "Is that simply because they are too busy?"