警惕！高考英语陷阱 Trap 1 思维定势型
Trap 1思维定势型
所谓思维定势，指的就是人们的一种思维倾向，它是人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种思维条件反射。
英语学习中的思维定势，对于同学们有利也有弊。其利在于：它可以帮助同学们利用以前所学知识迅速联系所接触的语言现象，从而解决具体的语言实际问题；其弊在于，有时它会误导同学们对于一些比较特殊的句子或语言现象,想当然地套用已形成的思维定势，从而得出错误的结论。
事实说明，各级各类考试的命题者常常利用考生思维定势这一特点,有意编拟一些比较特殊的句子或结构来测试考生对某一知识点的灵活处理技巧和深层理解能力。比如：同学们都知道，像can, may, must, could, might, should等情态动词，其后要接动词原形（即不带to的不定式），但是请看以下试题，这些情态动词后要用动词原形吗？
1. He ran as fast as he could _____ the bus.
A. catch B. to catch C. catching D. caught
此题答案选A吗？错了，正确答案为B。你知道为什么吗？
2. He ran as fast as he could _____ to catch the bus.
A. hope B. to hope C. hoping D. hoped
此题答案选A还是B？你若选A，错了；于是你就选B，同样也错了。此题最佳答案是C。你觉得奇怪吗？为什么前一句的He ran as fast as he could后接带to不定式to catch，而后一句的He ran as fast as he could后要接现在分词hoping呢？
你想弄懂以上问题吗？你还想做做类似的一些陷阱题吗？请往下看。
1.这个such...that中的that引导的是结果状语从句吗
Mr. Smith is _____ a good teacher _____ we all respect.
A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as
此题容易误选A，一方面是因为such ... that ...是同学们很熟悉的一个句式，一看就可能选中了；另一方面，将such ... that ...的意思“如此……以至……”代入句中，也完全通顺，即“史密斯先生是一位如此优秀的教师，以至我们大家都尊敬他”。从表面上看，以上分析很有道理，但其实错了。因为在such ... that ...结构中，that引导的是结果状语从句，并且that在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入such ... that ...，句末的respect显然缺少宾语(注意：respect是及物动词)。正确的答案应是B，as用做关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词teacher，同时as在定语从句中用做动词respect的宾语，句意为“史密斯先生是我们大家都尊敬的一位好老师”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A，能否将其后的that视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到such的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词as来引导，而不用that。
顺便说一句，假若在原句的respect后加上him一词，则应选A，即He is such a good teacher that we all respect him，他是如此好的一位老师，我们大家都尊敬他。
2. can't help后一定要接动名词吗
She can't help _____ the house because she's busy making a cake.
A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned
此题容易误选B，简单地套用can't help doing sth这一结构。其实此题应选A，注意以下两个结构均可用，但是含义不同：can't help doing sth =禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事；can't help to do sth =不能帮助做某事。前者为引申用法，一般辞书均将其作为固定搭配列出来，许多老师对此也比较强调，从而就使同学们形成了思维定势；而后者为help表示“帮助”时的本义用法，因同学们平时对此不大注意，一看到上面的试题马上就联想到can't help doing sth这一结构，从而误选了B。
While shopping, people sometimes can't help _____ into buying something they don't really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
此题应选C，句中的can't help意为“禁不住”（注意根据句意用被动形式）。
3.该选whoever还是anyone
_____ with the right knowledge can give first aid.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
此题容易误选B，主要受以下这类句子的影响而形成思维定势：Whoever says that is lying.谁那样说，谁就是在说谎。Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.违反本法者应予以罚款。Whoever comes first can get a ticket free.谁先来谁就可以免费得到一张票。以上各例中的whoever引导的均为主语从句，它们均可换成anyone who，但不能换成anyone。上面的试题从表面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实有本质的不同，即with the right knowledge中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选whoever。此题的正确答案为C，anyone为句子主语，with the right knowledge为修饰anyone的定语。
(1) _____ with a good education can apply for the job.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(2) _____ has a good education can apply for the job.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(3) _____ having a good education can apply for the job.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(4) _____ seen smoking here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(5) _____ is seen smoking here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(6) _____ smoking here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
(7) _____ smokes here will be fined.
A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever
第(1)题选C，介词短语with a good education为修饰anyone的定语；第(2)题选B，whoever has a good education为主语从句；第(3)题选C，现在分词短语having a good education为修饰anyone的定语；第(4)题选C，过去分词短语seen smoking here为修饰anyone的定语(可视为anyone who is seen smoking here之省略)；第(5)题选B，whoever is seen smoking here为主语从句；第(6)题选C，现在分词短语smoking here为修饰anyone的定语；第(7)题选B，whoever smokes here为主语从句。
4. devote...to与prevent...from
He made up his mind to devote his life _____ pollution _____ happily.
A. to prevent, to live B. to prevent, from living
C. to preventing, to live D. to preventing, from living
此题容易误选B，认为第一空应填to prevent(即认为其中的to为不定式符号)，第二空应填from living，因为prevent ... from doing sth是一个常用句型。其实错了，正确的答案是C。第一空涉及的结构是devote ... to ... (把……奉献给……)，其中的to是介词，而不是不定式符号；第二空从表面上看涉及的是prevent ... from ...结构，但其实不是。因为在prevent sb/sth from doing sth阻止某人/某事做某事)这一句型中，prevent后的宾语(sb/sth)应与其后动名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，如：We can't prevent him from leaving. (我们无法阻止他离开)，此句中“他”与“离开”有逻辑上的主谓关系(即“他离开”)。而上面例句中的“污染”与“生活愉快”没有逻辑上的主谓关系，所以不适宜用prevent ... from ...结构。选项C中的不定式to live happily在句中用做目的状语。
5.是around which还是around where
Is there a shop around _____ we can buy some toilet articles?
A. that B. which C. where D. what
此题很容易误选B，认为around是介词，选which用以代替前面的名词shop，在此用做介词around的宾语。此分析语法上并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个商店，在它的附近我们可以买到梳妆用品。这样的句意显然不合事理，因为人们通常总是在商店里面买东西，而不是在商店附近买东西。其实此题的最佳选项应是C，其中的around是副词(意为“在附近”)，而不是介词，其后where引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词shop，句意为：附近有没有我们可以买到梳妆用品的商店？
6.这是现在分词表结果吗
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
许多同学一看到题干中的逗号，便断定此题应选C，属现在分词表结果的用法。其实此题应选B，句中的逗号相当于连词and或but，not to make it more difficult是对逗号前的不定式to make life easier的补充说明。全句句意为“新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易，不是使生活变得更困难”。两个不定式虽在句中用做表语，但它们是用以说明句子主语purpose的内容的。
(1) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _____ work for young people.
A. provide B. to provide C. providing D. provided
(2) The purpose of the scheme _____ the employers but to provide work for young people.
A. is not to help B. does not help C. is not help D. is not helping
第(1)题选B，第(2)题选A，注意两句中的not ... but ...结构，它连接两个平行的不定式结构。
7.是after which还是after what
After ____ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
A. which B. it C. what D. that
此题应选C，其余三项都很容易误选。误选A，认为介词后应接关系代词which（但是，若填关系代词，其前没有先行词）；B或D也不能选择，因为介词后可接what引导的宾语从句，但通常不能跟that引导的宾语从句或没有引导词的从句。另一方面，引导名词性从句的that也不能充当句子成分(句中的seemed缺主语)。选C，what引导的是宾语从句，用做介词after的宾语，其中的what可理解为some time that。
8. pay attention to后可直接跟that从句吗
The judge paid no attention to _____ he had just lost his wife.
A. that B. which C. what D. the fact that
此题容易误选A或B：选A，认为to后应接一个that引导的宾语从句；选B，认为其后是一个定语从句，介词后应用关系代词which。其实此题应选。注意不能选A的原因是，在通常情况下，介词后不能直接跟that从句(极个别介词如except, but等除外)，遇此情况，应在that从句前加上 the fact（此时the fact用做介词宾语，其后that从句用做the fact的同位语）。
We all knew nothing about _____ he was a thief.
A. that B. which C. what D. the fact that
答案为D。
9.是will they还是they will
“When _____ get married?”
“When _____ get married hasn't been made public.”
A. they will, will they B. will they, they will
C. they will, they will D. will they, will they
此题容易误选D，认为when后应用疑问句语序。其实此题应选B，第二个when是用以引导主语从句的连接副词，其后要用陈述句语序。又如：“When will he leave?” “When he will leave is not decided.”“他什么时候离开？”“他什么时候离开还没有定。”“Where shall we go to work?” “Where we shall go to work is not known.”“我们要去什么地方工作？” “我们要去什么地方工作现在还不知道。”
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