Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions
Turn to page 4 and do Exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4 first. Then check your answers with your class partner.
II. Learning about grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech
1.Direct Speech
In direct speech, the original speaker's exact words are given and are indicated by quotation marks.
★ “I don’t know what to do,” said Dean.
In some grammar books, ‘said Dean’ is referred to as a reporting clause. “I don't know what to do,” is referred to as the reported clause.
2. Indirect Speech
In indirect speech, the exact meaning of the speaker’s words is given, but the exact words are not directly quoted.
★ Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
To convert direct speech into indirect speech:
If the main verb is past tense, present tense verbs in ‘that clause’ must also be changed to past tense.
Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.
Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.
(The word ‘that’ can often be left out: Dean said he didn’t know what to do.)
3. Indirect Questions
Direct question: “Did Marama’s horse win a prize?” Owen asked.
Indirect questions: Owen asked whether (or if) Marama’s horse had won a prize.
The same rules apply to indirect questions as to indirect statements. The difference is that a wh- clause is used instead of a that clause.

Direct question: “Why won’t you marry me?” asked Donald.
Indirect question: Donald asked her why she wouldn’t marry him.
In telling a story or recounting events, a speaker using direct speech has all the resources of intonation to produce a lively account. Because indirect speech is always speech reported by someone else, the account is more reserved and restrained.
“What shall we do?” asked Bev.
“Don’t worry, Bev,” said Duncan, “I’ve got a plan.”
Bev asked Duncan what they should do. He told her not to worry and that he had got a plan.
The ability to change direct speech into indirect speech is a useful skill for those engaged in taking the minutes of a meeting or reporting on events.
Direct speech: “First of all, I would like to thank everybody who helped with the fair. The results were very good, and we will now be able to buy two more computers.”
Indirect speech: The principal said that he would like to thank everybody who had helped with the fair. He announced that the results were very good and that the school would now be able to buy two more computers.
III. Discovering words and expressions
Do exercises 1, 2, 3 and 4 on page 4 and 5. Check your work with your partner’s.
IV. Discovering structures
Do exercise 1 and 2. Check your work with your partner’s.

Period 3: A sample lesson plan for Using Language

(A letter from a student to the editor of The 21st Century)
Aims
To listen to a letter about friendship
To speak about a questionnaire about friendship
To write advice about friendship
To write a few lines describing a friend
Procedures
I. Warming up
1. Read the letter to Miss Wang and find out what was upsetting Lisa.
2. Listen to what Miss Wang says, and then answer the questions in Exercise 2.
3. Listen to the tape again and try to spell out the missing words in Ex 3.
II. Talking about designing a questionnaire
Work in groups of four. Design a questionnaire to find out what kind of friends your classmates are. Ask the Students to use the quiz in the Warming Up as an example.
Note: The students should be talking while they are doing the task. This provides the students with the opportunity to practise expressing thought and concern in matters of immediate concern and interest. Tell the students to follow these steps:
Step1: In your group, come up with four situations among friends. Design four questions accordingly with three possible answers.
Step2: Put the four questions together and form a questionnaire.
Step3: Check the questionnaire through and try it out on your own group.
Step4: Share your questionnaire with another group and try each other’s questionnaires.
Sample questionnaire:
This questionnaire has four questions, and each question is followed by a set of possible answers. Please read the questions, and then consider which response fits you best.
1.Why am I close friends with this person now?
A. Because being friends with him/her helps me feel important.
B. Because my friend would be upset if I ended the relationship.
C. Because he/she is someone I really enjoy sharing emotions and special events with.
2. Why do I spend time with my friend?
A. Because my friend would get mad at me if I didn’t.
B. Because it is fun spending time with him/her.
C. Because I think it is what friends are supposed to do.
3.Why do I listen to my friend’s problems, or to what my friend has to say?
A. Because my friend praises me and makes me feel good when I do.
B. Because it’s interesting and satisfying to be able to share like that.
C. Because I really value getting to know my friend better.
4.Why do I keep promises to my friend?
A. Because I believe it is an important personal quality to live up to my promises to a friend.
B. Because it would threaten our friendship if I were not trustworthy.
C. Because I would feel bad about myself if I didn’t.
Scoring Sheet:

Q1 A 1point
Q2 A 1point
Q3 A1 point
Q4 A3 points
B 2points B 2points B2 points B2 points
C 3points C 3points C3 points C1 point

☆ 4~6 points: You are not a good friend. You either neglect your friend’s needs or just do what he/she wants you to do. You should think more about what a good friend needs to do.
☆ 7~9 points: You are a good friend but you sometimes let your friendship become too important, or you fail to show enough concern for your friend’s needs and feelings. Try to strike a balance between your friend’s needs and your own responsibilities.
☆ 10+ points: You are an excellent friend who recognizes that to be a good friend you need balance your needs and your friend’s. Well done.
Students work in groups and try their own questionnaires in the school to collect more information about students’ reflection of the values of friendship.
III. Guided writing
1. Read the letter to the editor from Xiaodong and make sure you know what problem Xiaodong has.
2. Discuss in groups of four. Think what advice you can give Xiaodong.
3. Write your advice to Xiaodong as an editor individually.
Sample writing:
Dear Xiaodong,
Some people like talking with others, but some people are shy. If you fall into the second group, it can be hard to make friends. But you can change the situation.
What are you interested in? If you like basketball, for example, you could talk with some of your classmates who like basketball. The easiest way to start talking to people is to find something you have in common.
If you are standing beside a group of your classmates, join in their discussion if you know something about the subject they are discussing. But if you don’t, you shouldn’t feel afraid to say, for example, “That sounds interesting, what is it about?” Once you start talking to one person, it will get easier to talk to others.
Find one person you have something in common with, and once you become friends with him, his friends will start talking to you too.
Good luck!
Editor
IV. Writing assessment
1. Can you give Xiaodong some good advice?
2. I s your letter well developed?
3. Are your ideas well organized to the point?
4. Do you have a good choice of words and idioms in your writing?
5. Do you get a good mastery of complex structures of language?
6. What kind of mistakes have you made in your writing? What can you do to avoid such mistakes?
V. Further Applying
Here are some proverbs about friends and friendship. Read them carefully and pay attention to the sentence stress and intonation. Then write a passage. Choose some you agree and explain why. Then choose some you disagree and explain why.

■You may also have the students complete the task as homework after class.

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