高考英语翻译教案
英语和汉语是完全不同的两种语言。英语属印欧语系，汉语属汗藏语系，两种语言差异很大。翻译不是英语单词与汉字的对译，而是两种语言的语段动态对译。成功的译文应在意义上与原文等值，再遣词造句上看不出硬译的痕迹，符合汉语行文要求和表达习惯，做到"信、达、雅"，即：忠实原文的实质精神，表达充分又确切，文字幽雅流畅。
　　由于英汉两种语言在思维模式、文化习俗、历史背景等方面存在着差异，英汉句式结构的差异再所难免。英语讲究形合，句子结构比较严谨，汉语讲究意合，只要意思表达清楚，用词造句就可以简练。在做翻译练习时，英汉句子对比分析会对翻译实践有所启迪。要使译文即忠于原文，又符合汉语习惯，准确传达原文的信息，达到内容和形式的统一，掌握好英汉的句式特点很有必要。英、汉语言的句式特点可以通过下表的句式对比一目了然。
　　英汉句式对比
　　１.英语句子的特点
　　主-谓-宾结构排列紧密
　　定语有的前置，有的后置，句子较长。
语段结构严谨，句子展开时可形成环扣式套接，常用从句，不必断句另起。
　　词或词组避免重复出现，多用代称。
　　２.汉语句子的特点
　　主-谓-宾结构排列松散
　　定语前置，句子较短。
　　语段流散铺排，句子展开时不形成环扣式套接，必需断句另起。
　　词或词组常重复出现，多用实称。
例句：The need for engineers who can view the whole area of engineering - Wide and complicated as it is, as a single field of operation of a few basic laws and methods has become increasingly felt. （翻译为：人们已经愈来愈感到需要这样的工程师，他们能把全部工程领域视为应用几个定理的一个整体，不管工程学科的全部领域是多么广阔复杂。）
英汉语言对比研究表明，除了语篇模式和具体句型差异之外，从微观上看，句式差异最明显。具体表现在：汉语句子较短，句中的定语通常位于名词之前，主语、谓语和宾语的排列常常不是紧密相连，而是中间插有定语或其他成分，读起来比较松散。有人比喻汉语句子像竹竿，句中的动词好比竹节。相比之下，英语句子长度大多超过汉语，句中的主语、谓语和宾语结构排列紧密，定语有的位于名词之前，有的位于名词之后，从句类型较多。有人将英语句子比喻成大树，从句好比是树枝。因此，英汉两种语言的翻译决不是词与词之间的静态对译，而是语态之间的动态活意。
试比较：
英语：She has the ability to swim like a fish. (定语后置，主、谓、宾排列紧密)
汉语：她有像鱼一样游泳的本领。（定语前置，主、谓、宾排列松散）

海 报
海报是贴在人来人往的地方，告知广大群众大多是喜闻乐见的消息，如电影消息、球讯、商品报道等等，其性质类似广告，有的还配以绘画以增加吸引力。
例一：有关球赛的海报
POSTER
Football Match
All Are Warmly Welcome
Under the auspices of the Student Union of our university, a friendly football match will be held between our team and the team of Chemical Engineering College on our football field on Saturday, May. 27th, 2000 at 5:00 p. m.
The Student Union
Thursday, May. 25.
足球赛
由本校学生会主办的足球友谊赛将于2000年5月27日（星期六）下午5时在足球场举行，参赛队为我校队与化工学院校队。欢迎届时观战。
校学生会
5月25日（星期四）
例二、商品大拍卖海报
GOOD NEWS
Summer Clearance Sales
All the goods on show are sold at twenty percent discount. Please examine and choose them carefully before you pay. There will be no replacement or refunding. You have been warned in advance. You are welcome to make your choice.
Personal Shopping Service
好消息
夏季清仓物资处理
本店陈列商品一律八折出售。请顾客们仔细看货，认真挑选。商品付款出门后不退不换，特此预先声明。如蒙惠顾，无比欢迎。
贝金森购物服务中心

第一讲　分清主从　把握结构
I. 分清主从 把握结构
分清主从是理清原文结构，拟出译文整体框架的关键，而辨析词义是确保译文准确的前提。不少考生也能理解译文的大致意思，却组织不好译文，不是拖泥带水就是丢三拉四，其主要问题在于没能分清主从，不能从整体上把握原文结构。
请看这样一例英语翻译试题：
It is hard to believe that automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator, to mention only a few items, have come into common use within thirty years.
主体结构：It is hard to believe that…（这简直令人难以置信）
宾语从句中: automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator have come into common use（汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱已经进入普遍使用）
时间状语 :within thirty years (在30年之内)
插入语: to mention only a few items (仅提及几件东西)
翻译分析处理：此句比较棘手的是形式主语It和插入语: to mention only a few items的翻译。为了符合汉语的表达习惯，可以考虑将插入语前置，另起一句。经过句子结构分析、词语翻译和词序调整，我们便可将此句译成通顺的汉语了。
译文：且举几件东西来说吧，汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱，这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广泛的应用，这简直令人难以置信
翻译下面句子：
1.他抬头看钟，发现已是夜里十一点多，不由吃了一惊。
2.我发现他根本没听说过我，觉得有些失望。
因为最近开学了，没那么多时间了，我就没自己打字了，直接截图了， 请大家原谅。
如果大家觉得翻译比较麻烦，只要找出主句就可以了。
1. (1) Looking up at the clock, he was surprised to find it was already past eleven p. m-
(2) He looked up at the clock and saw to his amazement that it was already past eleven p. m.
2. (1) I was a bit disappointed when I found out he had never heard of me.
(2) Somewhat to my disappointment I saw that my name did not mean anything to him.
3. 但真正最令比尔激动的时刻是火灾发生六个月之后，刚刚出院的罗伊斯走进尤里卡饭店，请他喝啤酒。

第二讲 抓主谓结构
这是理清原文结构，搭建译文整体框架的关键。譬如下面这样一道题：
考题实例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
此句中的主、谓、宾结构为：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world；皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百位研究人员的成果；
目的状语为：to produce a unique millennium technology calendar（用以）编制一个独特的新技术千年历；
两个定语从句分别为：calendar that gives the latest dates列出了最迟日期的千年历，和the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place我们可以期待的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期（知道它们何时将会发生）。
进行上述结构分析之后，我们便可以顺着原文的语序来翻译出此句：
皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，历中列出了人们可望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
再如下面一例：
考题实例：The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than 100 years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
此句为由连词and连接而成的并列句，其并列主谓结构为：The role of natural selection…was formulated …, and the selective role of …is only beginning to …自然选择的作用被阐明，而选择作用则刚刚开始……。其余成分分别为定语和状语。其中in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual为the selective role的状语。经过结构分析、调整，我们可得出以下译文：
自然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
翻译下面句子：
1. 假如老板发现你经常在办公室打私人长途电话，他准会很生气。
2.我通宵用功，生怕通不过考试。
3. How many of us attending a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be active in the discussion?
请找出这句句子的主句与修饰成分，如果有时间再翻译一下.
1. (1) The boss would be angry if he should discover you often make personal long distance calls in the office.
(2) The boss would hit the roof if he should ever find out you often make private long distance calls in the office.
2. (1) For fear that I might not be able to pass the exam, I studied all night.
(2) I studied all night so I wouldn't fail the test.
(3) I studied all night because I feared failing the test.
3. 如果让我们参加一个与自身无关的会议 ，那么我们中有多少人会积极参与讨论呢？
主句：how many of us would be active in the discussion?
修饰成分：attending a meeting 修饰 us
that is irrelevant to us修饰meeting

第三讲 练习
翻译下面句子：
1. 为了赶上第一班火车，他起了个大早.
2.阅读中如有问题，在句子边打问号。
3. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred。
翻译下面句子：
1. 旅行比我们原先所预计的多用了三天时间。
2.这座佛寺始建于十七世纪初，距今已有近四百年的历史了。
3. A great many teachers firmly believe that English is one of the pooly-taught subjects in high schools at present.
1. (1) The journey took three days longer than we had expected.
(2) The trip took three more days than we had expected.
2. (1) First built in the early 1600s, this Buddhist temple is nearly four hundred years old.
(2) First built in the beginning of the 17th century, this Buddhist temple has a history of nearly four hundred years.
3. 很多教师坚信，英语是目前高校科目中教学十分薄弱的一门。

翻译下面句子：
1. 外国人第一次来北京时都要去参观故宫。
2.你必须参加这个会，因为客户要提的某些问题只有你才能回答。
3. The scientific method, as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or a problem or question to be answered.
（可将that引导的从句翻译成一个分句）
1. (1) When foreigners come to Beijing for the first time, they all want to visit the Palace Museum.
(2) The first time foreigners come to Beijing, they all want to visit the Palace Museum.
2. (1) You must be present at this meeting because only you can answer some of the questions to be asked by our clients.
(2) You have to attend the meeting because our clients may have some questions only you can answer.
3.正如我们很多人在学校里所学的那样，科学方法是一个渐进的过程，这个过程始于某个姆的，或某个犹大解决会回答的问题。

四、翻译下面句子：
1. 老人和小孩应受到人们的尊重和照顾。
2.美国教授的讲座给学生留下了深刻的印象。
3. As president Clinton said that day, the possibility that life existed on Mars billions of years ago was potentially one of the great discoveries of our times.
1. The old and young should be respected and taken care of.
2. The American professor's lecture impressed the students deeply.
3. 正如克林顿总统那天所说的，发现一万前火星上可能存在生命这件事，有可能是我们时代最伟大的发现之一。
翻译下面句子：
1. 我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺卡上。（so that 从句）
2. 他的妻子给他的信件， 大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。（被动句）
3. Some concluded that the “ evidence of life” was mostly contamination from Antarctic ice or that there was nothing organic at all in the rock.
1. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
2. Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.
3. 有些人得出结论说，这些“生命的证据”大多来自南极冰的污染，或者说那块石头里根本就没有有机物。

五、定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即：如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的；如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如：
1. I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。
翻译下面句子：
1. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.
2. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C.
1. 有效的维持纪律通常是由一些学生来做的，而这些学生则负责给学校的领导提建议。
2. 作出这些刻记的游牧人，依靠狩猎和捕鱼生活在冰河时代的晚期。这段时期大约始于公元前35，000年而结束于公元前10，000年。
翻译下面句子：
1. 只要中国人民积极奋斗，这个宏伟战略目标定能达到。（宏伟战略目标:grand strategic objective）
2. 我们越多说英语就能说得越好。（the ……the……）
3. For weeks he had worried over how to convince the graduates that they ,too, could succeed against seemingly impossible odds, that they could move mountains.
1. If the Chinese people work hard , they can definitely attain this grand strategic objective.
2. the more we speak English, the better we can speak it.
3. 几个星期以来， 他一直苦苦思索着，如何让这些毕业生相信，他们也能克服似乎难以挑战的困难获取成功， 他们也能创造奇迹。
翻译下面句子：
1. 这就全看你支部支持我了。
2. 你还没有回答我的问题，那就是我是否能指望你。
3. Before long he was reading more books than his determined mother required, and he couldn’t wait to share them with her.
1. It all depends on whether you support me.
2. You have yet to answer my question whether I can count on you.
3. 没多久，他的阅读便超出了意志坚定的母亲所规定的数目，他迫不及待地与母亲分享阅读的快乐。