Loading... Please wait...第五章 好段落的特点
好段落的基本特点主要体现在两个方面：一是思想内容上的整体性，即每一个段落只能围绕一个主题思想或中心内容进行展开，避免出现多个主题，给读者造成理解上的混乱。二是段落的连贯性，即同一篇文章的各个段落在组织安排上既有内在的逻辑联系，思想内容紧扣文章的主题，同时，段落与段落之间或段落内部句子之间在形式上也能体现相互联系的特点。第一节 段落的整体性（Unity）
段落的整体性是就内容而言，要求段落的每一句都与该段落的中心内容有关，中心主题往往由一个中心句点出，即所谓的主题句。 我们来看一篇以＂Trees＂为题目的作文：Trees are man's friends. We can see trees everywhere. We plant trees every year. We can make tables with trees. Trees also give us fruits to eat. I like to eat fruits very much.
该段的主题句是Trees are man's friends, 写作中心应围绕＂friends＂，也就是树的用途展开。但学生没有从friends入手阐明主题，而是绕圈子说了些无关紧要的话，第一、二、五展开句偏离了树的用途这个主题，而是说我们到处可以看见树木；每年都种树；喜欢吃水果等；而且段落框架松散，这样就属于主题句抓不住，中心思想不明确，而且句型单调。英汉不同的语篇思维模式是造成不切题的直接原因。一些外国人认为东方人写作善用迂回法，也就是总绕着主题的外围转，而不从主题入手展开讨论。汉语语篇的思维模式是中国历史文化的产物，人们认为这种方式含蓄、委婉，容易使人接受，而英美人则喜欢开门见山的叙述主题；所以我国学生进行英语写作时，由于受汉语语篇思维模式的影响，阐述时不从主题入手，不能紧扣主题进行写作，致使文章主题不明确，观点不够鲜明。再来看改写后的段落：
Trees are man's friends. They provide man with timber, fruits and seeds. With timber, man can build houses and make furniture. Fruits are the food, which is necessary to us every day. As for seeds, they can be used to extract oil.
这样就克服了前面所犯错误，紧紧围绕了主题句来展开，算是一篇好的作文了
第二节 段落的连贯性（Coherence）
段落的连贯性主要体现在思想内容的安排和段落/句子之间的衔接两个方面。在内容的安排上，关键是掌握所写内容的顺序，先写什么，后写什么，依据的是什么标准等。这些问题作者在进行写作构思时就应弄清楚。在段落的写作中，可以运用的方法和技巧很多，如：空间法、时间法、对比法、因果法等等。（将在后一章中介绍），但无论采用什么方法，在具体的写作中都应注意内容安排上的逻辑关系，保证各句子间在内容上紧密相连。 在英文写作中，段落的连贯性往往通过段落与段落之间或段落内部的句子与句子之间语言形式上的衔接来实现。常见的衔接手段有以下几种： 1）照应 （references）： 即通过代词来指代上下文的某个名词、短语或句子，从而达到衔接的目的，如： Low employee spirit is damaging our productivity. This problem needs immediate attention. 2)关键词的重复（repetition of key words） 指的是在文章中重复运用某些主题/关键词，达到突出主题，衔接上下文的目的。关键词的重复包括原词重复和同义/近义词重复两种方式，后一种方式不仅能起到衔接作用，还能给读者以新鲜感。例如： Overuse and drought have depleted our water supply critically. Because of our depleted supply, we need to enforce strict water-conservation measures. 3）过渡词 （transitional words/connectors）的运用： 过渡词包括一些起衔接作用的连接词、副词、介词（短语）和动词，是一种最常用的衔接手段。在使用时应注意，每一个连词在意义上都代表某种逻辑关系，因此，该连词所连接的句子在内容上应符合其代表的逻辑关系，例如， “but”，“however”，“on the other hand”等表示的是一种对应或转折关系，若连接的句子是一种并列或递进的关系，就属于连词误用。虽然过渡词是一种很常见的衔接手段，但使用时一定要慎重，否则就不能正确表达意思。下面将一些常用的过渡词或短语列出来，供初学写作者参考：Transitions and Connective Phrases（过渡词及连接短语）
| Conjunctions（连接词） and but or for nor neither so yet |
To introduce a topic（引出主题） as for concerning with regard to with respect to
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To Summarize（总结） in all in a word in brief briefly in other words in short in summary that is |
To Show Purpose（显示目的） in order that in order to so that
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| To Show Cause and Effect（表达因果关系） accordingly as a consequence as a result consequently for this reason hence it follows that so/so that then therefore thus |
To Compare（比较） by comparison here again in the same way in a similar manner likewise similarly so too as also equally |
To Contrast（对比） conversely however instead in spite of that anyhow on the contrary on the other hand otherwise rather than still yet |
To Explain, Give Reasons（作解释） actually admittedly because certainly for example in fact indeed really of course since that is |
| To Add Information and Reasons（补充） add to this again also besides equally further furthermore in addition moreover once more then too too yet again yet another
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To Show Various Conditions（表达不同的条件） in this event in these circumstances under such circumstances this (that) being so provided that in spite of none/nevertheless at the same time even if if unless otherwise although even though though despite |
To Show Conviction（表达肯定性） after all at least at the same time apparently even so evidently certainly conceivably conclusively doubtless no doubt perhaps possibly presumably probably surely undoubtedly |
To Show Concession（表达让步） admittedly after all all the same at any rate granted however in any case in spite of it is true that nevertheless obviously of course still to be sure
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| To Show Chronological Order（时间法） after that afterwards later shortly subsequently concurrently in the meantime in the meanwhile now simultaneously when/while/was |
first, second, etc. formerly earlier previously before that then already at last at length by that time finally
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To List or Show Logical Order（举例或表示逻辑次序） for example for instance in particular to illustrate the one ... the other this ... that these ... those here ... there |
either ... or neither ... nor whether ... or though ... yet wherever ... there since ... then the more ... the more not only ... but also |